JIM OTTO, Oakland Raiders, 1960-74: I mean, it's affected my life. CHRIS NOWINSKI: At the beginning, when I first kind of got up the nerve to do it, you know, I wrote down a script and I prepared, I practiced, mentally preparing myself for wandering into someone's life like this. NARRATOR: Owen Thomas had hanged himself in his off-campus apartment. So not only was it an issue for my clients, it was a huge societal issue. And and I think she's a brilliant woman. They said, "Oh, he just died. I am fighting it. Be sure to include an APA-style reference for each article. FRED SMERLAS, Buffalo Bills, 1979-89: Well, Webby would hit you with his head first. NARRATOR: Aikman's concussion was bad enough that he could not return to the game. It was during that time that a brain arrived that would dramatically raise the stakes. And is it related to football?". CHRIS NOWINSKI: As long as the NFL dismissed this, that meant that parents were signing their kids up to go play football, believing that there was no risk. NARRATOR: He had died of an overdose. And that was the big discovery, I think. And I said, "Because you suffered a concussion today." MIKE WEBSTER: No, I'm talking about no, I'm just trying to find yeah, well, everybody went through trauma as a kid. Is he from outer space? NARRATOR: Mike Webster's body was delivered to the Allegheny County coroner's office. When we are 50, 40 years old, we probably won't be able to walk. STEVE FAINARU: Julian Bailes got up and talked about Omalu's work. I think McKee uses the word "crisis." Dr. ANN McKEE: I never forget that the brain is a human being. Watch the Trailer. STEVE FAINARU: Omalu is a junior pathologist in the Allegheny County coroner's office, but the people he published with were one of the leading Alzheimer's disease experts in the country, one of the leading neuropathologists in the country, and one of the most well-known coroners in the country. NEWSCASTER: If you had children who are 8, 10 and 12, would they play football? There were no long-term psychological problems or cognitive problems in these athletes, in essence, saying it wasn't a problem. NARRATOR: The Monday night games were always among the highest rated television broadcasts. STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: He began to assemble a case with Webster to basically say that Webster had suffered brain damage as a result of his 17-year career in the NFL. 100%. We'd like you to make available these various people." UNV 503. MEGAN NODERER: I can't tell, ma'am. NEWSCASTER: From now on, teams should consider a concussion a game-ending injury. of Pittsburgh Medical Ctr. NARRATOR: The NFL would not cooperate with the Fainaru brothers, nor would it talk to FRONTLINE. Michael Kirk. CHRIS NOWINSKI: What motivated me every day was the fact that my head was killing me. NEWSCASTER: talked about NFL owners as being like tobacco executives, NEWSCASTER: but I think it's seen as being plausible, NEWSCASTER: the NFL, similar to what the tobacco industry engaged in. MARK FAINARU-WADA: Roger Goodell's on notice. NARRATOR: What Omalu could not see was that hidden inside Webster's brain was evidence of a chronic disease. An awesome physical team were the Steelers today, Pittsburgh, the Super Bowl champs! NARRATOR: As the concussion crisis deepened, the commissioner faced yet another challenge, a lawsuit brought by more than 4,500 retired players. . We're talking about a nefarious injury, one that you never feel until it's too late. And he said, "No, you can't attend. What the trial would have done was bring out that evidence. He had been involved in some serious financial problems. 2015. Funding for FRONTLINE is provided through the support of PBS viewers and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: Chris Nowinski shows up and says, "Look, I'll find the brains for you. NARRATOR: Omalu started at the feet and worked his way up. . His body he had cellulitis. GARRETT WEBSTER, Son: His feet and his legs were definitely you could just tell were destroyed. Unfortunately, it cost us everything. Dr. BENNET OMALU: Mike looked older than his age. So they're basically paying around $120 million per game. Additional support for The FRONTLINE Dispatch comes from the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. Dr. ANN McKEE: I think it's going to be a shockingly high percentage. He said, "If 10 percent of mothers in this country would begin to perceive football as a dangerous sport, that is the end of football.". NARRATOR: For now, the future of the league and the game of football seem secure. This is still not something that we're buying into.". Closeclose, Feedback, questions, or accessibility issues: libraries@wisc.edu, (Agricultural & Life Sciences, Engineering), Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more, Locate databases by title and description, Discover digital collections, images, sound recordings, and more, Find information on spaces, staff, services, and more, Archives and Special Collections Requests. PETER KEATING: He went to a school in Guadalajara. And the league's concussion people are there. The FRONTLINE investigation details how, for years, the league denied and worked to refute scientific evidence that the violent collisions at the heart of the game are linked to an alarming incidence of early onset dementia, catastrophic brain damage, and other devastating consequences for some of footballs all-time greats. "", NARRATOR: denied players suffered any long-term problems from concussions sustained while playing football, DOCUMENT: "that there was no evidence of worsening injury or chronic cumulative effects of multiple MTBIs in". NARRATOR: Because he'd never had a diagnosed concussion, Dr. McKee suspected Thomas might have gotten CTE from the everyday sub-concussive hits that are an inherent part of the game. NARRATOR: Dr. Edward Westbrook examined him. : Getting it into the hands of good science is their the goal there. I thought that she presented herself, as I recall it's been several years that there was something something in her manner. Mark Fainaru-Wada, WRITTEN BY And I went through the same sequence of answers again. Last Tuesday PBS Frontline premiered League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis, a damning investigation of the National Football League's efforts to suppress and discredit mounting evidence that the head trauma professional football players routinely endure poses grave health risks. And how common is this? And he's sacked! Dr. ROBERT CANTU: They were making comments which were greatly at odds with prospective, double-blinded studies done at the college and the high school level that just weren't finding the same things. Mike Wiser. MARK FAINARU-WADA: She's learned a little bit about the work that had previously been done in this issue by Omalu and others, and she's eager to find some brains. But one person was missing. Dr. McKee had read Dr. Omalu's research, but she wanted to see for herself. ROGER GOODELL: Well, Bob, that's why we're investing in the research, so that we can answer the question, what is the link? But we didn't really relate that in a modern sport like football, in a helmeted sport, that it could lead to that. But it's not the only issue. NARRATOR: Shunned by the league, bruised by the struggle and looking to make a change, Dr. Omalu left Pittsburgh. And getting in that room with a bunch of males who already thought they knew all the answers more sexism. Look out! NARRATOR: Webster's death certificate made Omalu suspect he may have suffered from a brain disorder. NARRATOR: On this day, the commissioner would take a front row seat to listen to the best medical minds in the league. ANN MCKEE, M.D., Neuropathologist, BU CTE Center: I'm really wondering if every single football player doesn't have this. He moved to Lodi, California. MARK FAINARU-WADA: He like Webster, his life had sort of fallen apart in a lot of ways. The NFL wants to keep pushing these questions into the future, keep the discoveries going, make it seem like these questions that still need to be resolved are things that the league is working with doctors and researchers on. STEVE FAINARU: He gets the first flight out the next morning. Each annotation must be 100-150 words in length and include the following elements: a paraphrased summary of the article (refer to the note on paraphrasing below), JANE LEAVY: Nowinski, who is not a scientist, says, "There are people getting hit here. When I got into the cab I was crying. Ah! We'd like you to participate. He's going forward, but all of a sudden, his head is going back and his brain is hitting up against the inside of his skull. And bearing in mind that only six former NFL players have been examined for CTE, I find these results to be not only incredibly significant but profoundly disturbing. NARRATOR: But they continued to report the story, beginning with Mike Webster's career in the NFL. He'd say it was like David and Goliath, over and over, because it was. PRODUCED BY . STEVE FAINARU: You have the commissioner of the NFL who's being hauled before Congress to answer why his own research arm has been denying since 1994 that football causes brain damage, when everybody from The New York Times to former NFL players, to the respected research scientists are saying, in fact, the opposite is true. NARRATOR: Besides Mike Webster and Terry Long, Omalu also found CTE in the brains of Andre Waters and Justin Strzelczyk. And he said, "What's going on?" ANNOUNCER: A decades-long battle between scientists, players and the nation's most powerful sports league. 911 OPERATOR: What is your boyfriend's name? NARRATOR: Dr. McKee admits she's seeing only a small sample. She says, "This is a crisis, and anybody who doesn't believe it is in denial.". NARRATOR: At the same time, another force was also causing trouble for the NFL and the commissioner, the wives and widows of players with CTE. IRA CASSON, M.D., Co-Chair, MTBI Committee, 2007-09: No. PRODUCED BY ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, Boston University: In football, one has to expect that almost every play of every game and every practice, they're going to be hitting their heads against each other. BOB FITZSIMMONS, Webster's Attorney: Mike was a legend and a hero. Do you now acknowledge that there is a link between the game and these concussions that people have been getting, some of these brain injuries? Dr. ROBERT CANTU: With what we know about the youth brain compared with the adult brain, that it's more easily disrupted than the adult brain the youth brain is lighter in weight, so it has less inertia to put it in motion, so you tap a youth head, and his brain moves much quicker than an adult brain that's heavier and therefore has more inertia. LEIGH STEINBERG: For a minute, I thought he was joking. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. I'm, like, "Mike, that's not healthy." MARK FAINARU-WADA: Five minutes later, they're sitting there, they're continuing to hang out, and Aikman suddenly turns to Steinberg and says, "What am I doing here?" NFL NARRATOR: When you talk about big-hitting safeties, the Eagles Donnie Dawkins always emerges. NEWSCASTER: escalates over the long-term effects of taking hits to head on the football field. For this reason, format your reference to mention the segment and the database, Films on Demand. I'm sure he would. Dr. ANN McKEE: And he wanted me to come to the NFL office and present the data. NEWSCASTER: The NFL changes its playbook, NEWSCASTER: New rules for treating athletes with concussions, NEWSCASTER: NFL commissioner Roger Goodell wants all teams to adhere to a new policy for head injuries. COLIN WEBSTER: Maybe the saddest I ever heard him say was when someone saw my dad and, "Aren't you Mike Webster?" He looks like he's out cold, and now he's walking off. FRONTLINE reveals the hidden story of the NFL and brain injuries. Dr. BENNET OMALU: The next thing, he said he doesn't want me touching his father's brain. They were now research partners. The NFL has a serious issue around the question of concussions, around the issue of brain trauma, on the rising suggestion that there is a link between football and neuro-degenerative disease amongst its former players, and that there is a growing body of science that clearly establishes this link. . NEWSCASTER: ABC News and ESPN have learned exclusively Seau's brain, NEWSCASTER: visible signs of CTE, chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Is this something that everybody will get if they have enough brain trauma? So, fine. All this security is gone. So he asked me, said, "Sunny, can you tase me?" STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: The level of denial was just profound. JUNIOR SEAU: [NFL Films] A perfect hit is when you're faced up, coming one on one, and you hear him go, "Uh" just a little "Uh.". MARK FAINARU-WADA: He ends up at one point representing 21 quarterbacks in the 21 starting quarterbacks in the NFL one year. NARRATOR: But away from the glamorized hits, there was a darker side. NARRATOR: He sat atop a multi-billion-dollar empire that he was determined to protect. You know, she describes it as like the greatest collision on earth for her. ALAN SCHWARZ: At the bottom of page 32, there it was, "dementia." (2013). Maybe there should be better evidence by now. NARRATOR: Casson insisted there was no evidence that football players were at risk for CTE. At the time, it was something the league would not admit publicly. He was a philanthropist, beloved in his community. NARRATOR: And it had paid off. Now two former Steelers who had gone crazy about the same time. Dr. ANN McKEE: I don't feel that I am in a position to make a proclamation for everyone else. His claim for disability was filed with the National Football League's retirement board. Neither Dr. Apuzzo, Dr. Pellman, nor Commissioner Tagliabue would speak to FRONTLINE about the papers. They were offering "peanuts," as one person said. TYLER SEAU, Son: We got really close, and you know, I feel like it's turning around, OK, he wants to be part of my life. PETER KEATING, Reporter, ESPN: The league officials, the doctors and scientists serving on the MTBI committee, not only disputed those findings, they went after Dr. Omalu with a vengeance. You know, the NFL has had this strategy of going nuclear every time it goes to court because the first time you ever lose, you open up the floodgates to potential billions of dollars of damage. NARRATOR: Dr. Cantu says he took his concerns to the journal's editor-in-chief, Dr. Michael Apuzzo. STEVE FAINARU: Schwarz stops. STAN SAVRAN: People liked the violence of it. MARK FAINARU-WADA: And that was a dramatic admission back in 2000. Rep. JOHN CONYERS: I just asked you a simple question. NARRATOR: In the 1970s, Webster anchored four Super Bowl championship teams. NEWSCASTER: The untimely death of Junior Seau is provoking questions. And here was a study that the NFL supported, and it came out not looking too good for the NFL. But in those articles, the league had issued its definitive denials. And I'm thinking I should donate my brain to this work.". There's nobody in America who doesn't know what that means. NARRATOR: For years, Pellman's committee would insist they were studying the problem, that the danger from concussions was overblown. NEWSCASTER: Junior Seau was arrested for domestic violence in Oceanside California early on Monday, NEWSCASTER: Seau accused of hitting his 25-year-old girlfriend, NEWSCASTER: Junior Seau drove his SUV right off a cliff in California, NEWSCASTER: The former pro football star has apparently fallen on hard times. Pain and injury were his specialty. MARK FAINARU-WADA: Where do we want to announce that? NARRATOR: Lisa McHale had decided to go public with her husband's story. NARRATOR: The commissioner arrived like a celebrity, the star attraction at the hearing and the focus of all the cameras. But then a familiar story his life fell apart. I mean, we're going to present her findings. That was the first I heard of it. And in the last year-and-a-half to two years before he died, he couldn't even walk anymore. You'll receive access to exclusive information and early alerts about our documentaries and investigations. STEVE FAINARU: Here's a guy who's spent more than half of his life in the NFL, and more than anyone should be acutely aware of the sort of dangers that are lurking in this problem. NARRATOR: and in one of the papers, even suggested their research might apply to younger athletes, despite the fact they had not studied high school or college players. he worries he has it. There was no recognition that anything was caused by football. He was known as "Iron Mike". NARRATOR: A doctor, Omalu was also a trained neuropathologist. PETER DAVIES, Ph.D., Neuroscientist, Feinstein Institute: There's a kind of polarization in that the BU group are clearly the advocates for CTE research. YOUTH FOOTBALL TEAM: What time is it? LEIGH STEINBERG: The actual logo of Monday Night Football showed helmets hitting together. You see the knee right there, knee right on his helmet. NARRATOR: He would take on the task of finding brains of former football players for Dr. McKee. Apa documentatio (10) Name: Nahid Bakhtary Class: UNV-504 Date: July, 8 2015 Instructor: Alan Guthrie APA Activity 1 1. We would just we would listen, and "Thank you," and that's it. This doesn't sound right at all.". You're just trying to get by in this storm. I had to make sure the slides were Mike Webster's slides. And so I called up Chris, like, "What the hell's going on?" Soon he and his family would come to believe those hits to the head had taken a devastating toll. CHRIS NOWINSKI: We head on up to a very, very fancy conference room, nice wood paneling, jerseys and trophies in the glass. No.". They basically told him to go away and never come back. NARRATOR: Nearly broke, homeless and losing his mind, Webster decided football had hurt him, and the NFL was going to pay for it. My boyfriend's been shot! And I feel strongly about that, too. In a special two-hour investigation, FRONTLINE reveals the hidden story of the NFL and brain injuries. NEWSCASTER: Terry Long killed himself by drinking anti-freeze. It was happening to every player in every collision sport. He's clearly distressed by what he's hearing. NARRATOR: Harry Carson has been studying the matter since he retired 25 years ago. He's he's up in the autopsy room." CORRESPONDENT: With early onset of Alzheimer's? Her husband, Ralph Wenzel, had played for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Here's a roll-out. Game time! NARRATOR: The NFL's own highly crafted film productions celebrated the violence and the spectacle. STEVE FAINARU: Just as they're finishing up the autopsy, the chaplain comes walking into the room and he says, literally, "Houston, we have a problem." COLIN WEBSTER, Son: They were fighting it from the beginning, against just the common sense of, you know, here's this guy, look at him, you know? September 30, MARK FAINARU-WADA: The NFL very directly worked not only to get the brain to NIH, but in this case, to keep it away from Omalu's group or McKee's group by speaking badly about them. MEGAN NODERER: Oh, my God! MARK FAINARU-WADA: I think the NFL has done an incredible job at marketing itself and turning itself into a spectacle, a sort of cultural part of our lives. And you know, that wasn't fair to those kids or those parents, but especially those kids. Log in or create an account. And the next thing you know, they are reliving this conversation they'd had five minutes earlier. ANNOUNCER: This venerable stadium will be a wild scene tonight! PBS will premiere a Frontline documentary%2C League of Denial%2C on Tuesday night. Dr. ANN McKEE: In, like, 20 spots in his frontal lobe. STEVE FAINARU: And that decision would change the NFL because if Webster's brain had not been examined, I don't honestly think that we would be where we're at today. Be sure to include a discussion of the research problem, questions, method, findings, and implications discussed by the authors. Bradshaw fires. I really, sincerely wished it didn't cross my path of life, seriously. It says you guys are now the NFL's "preferred" brain bank and that the league will help with efforts to direct families to donate the brains of former players to Boston so that they will be studied for CTE. NARRATOR: Most of Pellman's committee was made up of NFL loyalists. There must be really important variables, genetics, things about the type of exposure to brain trauma people get. ANNOUNCER: It's still wild and woolly and I love 'em that way. This is not something you normally see in the brain. The problem is it's a journalist issue. League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis: Directed by Michael Kirk. ALAN SCHWARZ, The New York Times: Documents were passed to me at Smith and Wollensky's in Manhattan, in an envelope. 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