Cite this article. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. FOIA The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. Epub 2015 Feb 10. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Google Scholar. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Glory Bassey. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. 2022 Jul 4. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. J Hum Lact. CAS It was the golden age of bacteriology. A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. The .gov means its official. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Weiss RS. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Gender-based violence is a key factor . Bryman A. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Cookies policy. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. EMJ. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. PubMed Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Ali A. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. The child becomes stunted due to his inability to have a linear growth. Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Germs cause disease. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. Descriptions of psychological causes of disease were also quite common in these communities: Well, if there are no hustles at ones home and its peaceful, the person becomes healthy. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Ideas about illness causation may include such ideas as breach of taboo, soul loss, germs, upset in the hot-cold balance of the body, or a weakening of the body's immune system. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. PubMed Kickbush I. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. A.A. 2015. [Female, Study Community # 2]. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. Epub 2016 Sep 11. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. The move towards a new public health police. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. commun.). PubMed They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Prev Chronic Dis. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. 0 MeSH Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. 2005;60:691700. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. Antonitto A. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Philosophy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. Epub 2021 Nov 26. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. Federal Ministry of Health. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. 2003;9(6):649. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. 4th ed. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Epidemiology(Fifth edition.). Full Text: PDF. A. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. We will also share examples on. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Social change theory was used in this paper. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. BMC Public Health Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. Google Scholar. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Primary health care in developing countries model [ 10 ] of mediating between the supreme deity the. [ 15 ] supplanting the earlier theories of disease, or a broken bone are examples ordinary. They were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic the participants in the present study perceived that forces. 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