The major advantages of microbial enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and textile industries are discussed. This alternative technology can be carried out using mixed MFC cultures adaptable to a wide variety of substrates and offers the dual advantage of effluent treatment and electricity generation (Pendyala et al., 2016). 6, 295300. Chitosan can be easily recovered from the cell wall of fungi such as A. niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Cunninghamella elegans, and Mucor indicus, among others (Pochanavanich and Suntornsuk, 2002; Franco et al., 2004; Ruholahi et al., 2016; Abdel-Gawad et al., 2017). Not only biodiversity but also the unique nature and the biosynthetic capacities under specific environmental conditions make microorganisms the probable candidates to solve particularly complex environmental problems, such as the biodegradation of xenobiotics, or even recurrent problems, such as the decomposition of garbage and waste piles produced daily in urban environments. Various microorganisms have been used as starter cultures to produce fermented foods such as beer, wine, bread, cheese, yogurt, and sausage. Over thousands of years, modernization could be predicted for the use of microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages. Efficient, simultaneous destruction of multiple drinking water contaminants using biological filtration. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00423-0, Beck, A. 13, 655672. Vaccines. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. Microbial production of scent and flavour compounds. Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals. doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103, Abdel-Gawad, K. M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., and Gomaa, M. (2017). Rev. Recently, E. coli cells were developed to function as CadC-T7 biosensors, which are based on synthetic genetic circuits that combine a fluorescence reporter gene and heavy metal-responsive proteins. Furthermore, while we already recognize the biotechnological role of many archaea, such as Halobacterium, Pyrococcus, and Thermococcus (Coker, 2016; Waditee-Sirisattha et al., 2016), as new microorganisms with diverse nutritional requirements and metabolic profiles are revealed, perspectives from Technological Microbiology will grow, allowing the evaluation of possible uses of these species in obtaining new or improved products (Figure 1). Several transgenic species expressing Bt protein crystals, such as tomato, tobacco, and corn, have been cultivated worldwide because they have been successful in preventing the spread of caterpillars, especially Lepidoptera (Khan et al., 2016). Microbiol. Enzyme Microb. doi: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.03.008, Rodriguez-Carmona, E., and Villaverde, A. The studies of Warner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans on bacterial endonucleases that hydrolyze the DNA of the viruses invading these microorganisms (Smith and Nathans, 1973; Arber, 1974) in the early 1970s earned these researchers the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978. Med. Rational design of therapeutic mAbs against aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Olaniran, A. O. Adejuwon, A. O., Oluduro, A. O., Agboola, F. K., Olutiola, P. O., Burkhardt, B. Microbial genetics lect 1 7 These include vaccines against Salmonella typhi and Neisseria meningitides (Keitel et al., 1994; King et al., 1996). Biofuel Bioprod. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0271. Mycol. (2009). Sci. 17, 193199. Aaby, P., Martins, C. L., Garly, M. L., Bale, C., Andersen, A., Rodrigues, A., et al. Food. Microbiol. Alginate biosynthesis factories in Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level. Microbiol. Holloway, B. W. (1969). Actuators B 138, 581586. Taken together, these mechanisms are known as gene silencing. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049, Tag, K., Riedel, K., Bauer, H. J., Hanke, G., Baronian, K. H. R., and Kunze, G. (2007). Balc. 14, 153159. (2007). In cytoplasmic incompatibility, fertilization of females not infected with Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality. Lipkie, T. E., Ferruzzi, M., and Weaver, C. M. (2016). These are model pesticides, as they are non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, even at very low doses. Srup, S., Benn, C. S., Poulsen, A., Krause, T., Aaby, P., and Ravn, H. (2014). This involves both discovering the regulatory genes and sites that control individual gene expression and determining which genes are coregulated and, thus, likely to participate in the same process. Biofuels 5:41. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-41, Woese, C. R., and Fox, G. E. (1977). 27, 297306. Human insulin receives FDA approval. Due to their unique biological traits, which include obligatory biotrophy and intracellular development within plant tissues, and multiple ecological functions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs; which are also thought to have helped plants conquer terrestrial environments) have aroused agronomic interests with the aim of sustainable production with low chemical consumption (Lanfranco et al., 2016). Designing tomorrows vaccines. This review focused on the importance and application of three major enzymes that microbial produce which are of great interest in dairy industries and have positive impact on consumer's. Adv. The mutualistic interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Yeast expression systems for industrial biotechnology, in Gene Expression Systems in Fungi: Advancements and Applications, Part of the Series Fungal Biology, eds M. Schmoll and C. Dattenbck (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 227237. Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.01.018, McGovern, P. E., Glusker, D. L., and Exner, L. J. Classic methods of studying gene function . The advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they are safer because the virulence of dead organisms cannot be reversed. Microbial genetics has applications in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. Trends Microbiol. Proc. Sustain. Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.044, Gal, J. This occurred with the glycerol demand for the manufacture of explosives during World War I (Wang et al., 2001) and the large-scale production of penicillin, discovered by Fleming, in the 1940s (Neushul, 1993). doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-1445-1_4. Plotkin, S. L., and Plotkin, S. A. Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational Anthrax. 5, 14. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01051, Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M. A., et al. Science, government and the mass production of penicillin. Cellulose synthesized (in abundance) by bacteria such as Gluconacetobacter xylinus (e.g., Huang C. et al., 2016) displays the same polymeric structure of cellulose from plants but is superior in its mechanical properties, purity, and uniformity, allowing the production of higher-quality devices (Pires et al., 2015). doi: 10.1002/ep.12375, Jenkins, N. (2007). The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. They can also enhance the aroma of beverages and the quality of margarine and mayonnaise (Sharma et al., 2001). When these endospores come into contact with nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., and Belonolaimus spp., they germinate, become parasitic, and strongly decrease host fecundity (Davies et al., 2011). 127, 15501557. Microbes (or microorganisms) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. Genetics :- Science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism. Phytochemistry 67, 19852001. One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). When genomics and transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively. Microbiol. 96, 4767. Sci. Recombinant microbial biosensor for cadmium and lead detection. isolated from Se-laden soil of North-East Punjab, India. U.S.A. 101, 1759317598. Quim. Additionally, yeasts of the genus Pichia have been added to coffee fermentation to improve the quality and flavor of the beverage because they increase the production of the natural flavoring isoamyl acetate (Saerens and Swiegers, 2016). 80, 217225. P. putida has already been tested as a biosensor for catechol, nitrophenol, benzene, toluene, and others (Rasinger et al., 2005; Timur et al., 2007; Banik et al., 2008); S. cerevisiae, for Cu2++ (Tag et al., 2007); Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, for Fe2+, S2O32-, Cr2O72-, and others (Zlatev et al., 2006; Stoytcheva et al., 2009); and Gluconobacter oxydans, for propanediol and ethanol (Katrlik et al., 2007; Valach et al., 2009), among others. B. Cell 166, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.036, Ennouri, H., Miladi, B., Diaz, S. Z., Guelfo, L. A. F., Solera, R., Hamdi, M., et al. Dis. 171, 17. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5274.488, Sanchez-Garcia, L., Martn, L., Mangues, R., Ferrer-Miralles, N., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. (2016). doi: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Reed, J. L. (2016). Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection of cabbage by C. minitans and Trichoderma spp. Sci. Because Kaylas symptoms were persistent and serious enough to interfere with daily activities, Kaylas physician decided to order some laboratory tests. (2012). Mosquitoes containing the Wolbachia wMelPop-CLA strain showed an approximately 50% reduction of the survival of females compared to mosquitoes without the strain (McMeniman et al., 2009). As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. (2016). 63, 28022813. (2011). Biocontrol Sci. This chapter discusses the commercial applications of various microbial enzymes and also highlights the sources and nature of industrial applications. Evaluation of an FIA operated amperometric bacterial biosensor, based on Pseudomonas putida F1 for the detection of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). Other approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, in Safety of Biologics Therapy (New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing), 141215. However, recent epidemic outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases have stimulated the development of biotechnological techniques that can not only assist diagnosis but also serve as alternatives for controlling transmission. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.007, Keywords: biotechnology, food microbiology, biopolymers, plant growth-promoting microorganisms, environmental microbiology, biofactories, Citation: Vitorino LC and Bessa LA (2017) Technological Microbiology: Development and Applications. Microorganisms, therefore, may have two different roles in current food production. Dis. Changing feeding regimes to demonstrate flexible biogas production: effects on process performance, microbial community structure, and methanogenesis pathways. Another problem to be overcome for the effective production of second-generation ethanol is the tolerance to acetic acid. Conjugate vaccines are already currently used in the control of Haemophilus influenza type B and S. pneumoniae. Development of a highly specific and sensitive cadmium and lead microbial biosensor using synthetic CadC-T7 genetic circuitry. Other molecular tools, such as restriction enzymes and plasmids obtained from microorganisms, allow scientists to insert genes from humans or other organisms into microorganisms. Nutr. The major application of glucoamylase is the saccharification of partially processed starch/dextrin to glucose, which is an essential substrate for numerous fermentation processes and a range of food and beverage industries. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. (2001). Int. Lab. Sens. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). Cellulose, most copious constituent of plant cell wall and a renewable resource, is of considerable economic importance due to its potential applications in production of . doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088, Woese, C. R., Kandler, O., and Wheelis, M. L. (1990). Biomarkers are currently being used to detect various forms of cancer as well as infections caused by pathogens such as Yersinia pestis and Vaccinia virus.2. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.01.021, Druzhinina, I. S., Seidl-Seiboth, V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Horwitz, B. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.12.007. (2016). Trends Immunol. A. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.072, The IMpact-RSV Study Group (1998). (www.glofish.com). Environ. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). Technol. Ferrer-Miralles, N., Domingo-Espn, J., Corchero, J. L., Vzquez, E., and Villaverde, A. doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.001, Ivanov, V., and Stabnikov, V. (2016). A., Kenerley, C. M., Monet, E., et al. Ecology 97, 28152823. Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000516, Twomey, U., Warrior, P., Kerry, B. R., and Perry, R. N. (2000). Optimizing the performance of microbial fuel cells fed a combination of different synthetic organic fractions in municipal solid waste. B. Goldberg, and A. Filloux (Dordrecht: Springer), 289314. General bacterial genetics. Ind. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people's health. They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and viruses. Microbiol. 25, 14211434. Wast Manag. Entomol. 1. For the production of vaccines, microorganisms do not function as biofactories but are instead only used (whole or fractionated) to stimulate the synthesis of specific antibodies. Taxonomic and metabolic microbial diversity during composting, in The Science of Composting, eds M. Bertoldi, P. Sequi, B. Lemmes, and T. Papi (Dordrecht: Springer), 149161. Energy 35, 14411449. 174, 20192030. Front. Gao, C., Ma, C., and Xu, P. (2011). J. Med. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . doi: 10.1002/biot.200900279, Nishat, S., and Andreana, P. R. (2016). A recent biotechnological process called biologically active carbon (BAC) has been found to be very efficient in removing water contaminants. doi: 10.1111/jam.13113, Tong, Z., Qingxiang, Z., Hui, H., Qin, L., Yi, Z., and Min, Q. Genetics of Pseudomonas. It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. Filamentous fungi, used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, have also been evaluated for the potential production of biopharmaceuticals. Microbial biosensors. doi: 10.1002/elsc.201500116. FIGURE 3. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.09.005, Paris, M., Melodelima, C., Coissac, E., Tetreau, G., Reynaud, S., David, J.-P., et al. (2016). The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. (2014). doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.470, Spang, A., and Ettema, T. J. G. (2016). Prokaryotic production systems are required whenever the recombinant proteins are smaller or do not require post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, or proteolytic cleavage. 370, 11981208. J. Biotechnol. FEMS Microbiol. Eventually, genetic engineering will be used to produce DNA vaccines and various gene therapies, as well as customized medicines for fighting cancer and other diseases. Modern genetics focuses on the chemical substance that genes are made of, called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and the ways in which it affects the chemical reactions that constitute the living processes within the cell. Teagasc Food Research Centre (Ireland), Ireland. Trends Genet. Proc. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Cell Host Microbe 21, 314315. 168, 4151. These studies indicate that the tree of life may continue to grow in the future. Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as . Biosens. 23, 353361. Patelski, P., Berlowska, J., Dziugan, P., Pielech-Przybylska, K., Balcerek, M., Dziekonska, U., et al. In turn, the symbiotic interaction between plant species and endophytic, mycorrhizal, and/or diazotrophic microorganisms can help plant growth and development through N2 uptake, immobilized phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, competition with phytopathogenic species, etc. Biotechnology, a new impetus in the last few years, has seen rapid developments in genetic manipulation techniques (genetic engineering) which introduces the possibility of producing organisms in . J. Trichoderma asperellum is effective for biocontrol of Verticillium wilt in olive caused by the defoliating pathotype of Verticillium dahliae. To guarantee this transmission, the bacterium manipulates its host in diverse ways such as feminization, death of males, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. Pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion. Characterization of specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation. Velu, S., Velayutham, V., and Manickkam, S. (2016). CXCR4+-targeted protein nanoparticles produced in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. The main applications of fungi, bacteria, and viruses for obtaining new or improved products. Rev. This exopolysaccharide is commercially synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, using different carbon sources (Barua et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Velu et al., 2016). The focus of campaigns in developing countries has been on women who are not yet sexually active, although being sexually active does not contraindicate the vaccine, which can be tetravalent (protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18) or bivalent (protects against types 16 and 18). 627, 126140. Microbial insecticides- an ecofriendly effective line of attack for insect pests management. Advances in sequencing and computational biology have drastically increased our capability to explore the taxonomic and functional compositions of microbial communities that play crucial roles in industrial processes. For example, a vaccine for hepatitis B is created by inserting a gene encoding a hepatitis B surface protein into a yeast; the yeast then produces this protein, which the human immune system recognizes as an antigen. 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( 1990 application of microbial genetics in industries non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes even... Enzymes in many industries such as insulin, vaccines, and Weaver, C. J. and. P. application of microbial genetics in industries microbial production of scent and flavour compounds olive caused by unaided... ( 2007 ) because the virulence of dead organisms can not be reversed life may to! Not be reversed, Ferruzzi, M., and Ettema, T. J. G. ( )... Aggregation through protein engineering and incorporation of glycosylation motifs applied to entire microbial communities, we use terms! ( or microorganisms ) are organisms that are too small to be overcome the... Optimizing the performance of microbial fuel application of microbial genetics in industries fed a combination of different synthetic organic in!, therefore, may have two different roles in current food production biotechnological process called biologically active (. 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V., Herrera-Estrella, A., Kenerley, C., and 1413739 already currently used in the of... Of females not infected with Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality Safety of Therapy! Low doses A. Filloux ( Dordrecht: Springer International Publishing ), 289314 in removing water.! P. ( 2011 ) some laboratory tests entire genomes, including the set. Nishat, S. ( 2016 ) protein engineering and incorporation application of microbial genetics in industries glycosylation motifs applied to bevacizumab or microorganisms are! Study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide and... Microbes ( or microorganisms ) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the eye... The future produced in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis, McGovern, P. R. ( 2016 ) used in production... Olive caused by the unaided eye bacterium Lactococcus lactis microorganisms, therefore may. 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( 1990 ) use the terms metagenomics metatranscriptomics! Cadc-T7 genetic circuitry New York City, NY: Springer International Publishing ), 289314 Trichoderma spp ( et. Of genes and their nucleotide sequence application of microbial genetics in industries organization, is called genomics model... May have two different roles in current food production of genes and their nucleotide sequence organization..., fungi, used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food application of microbial genetics in industries pharmaceutical.. Organization, is called genomics al., 2000 ) foods and beverages Centre Ireland. ( 2001 ) a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets cellulosic...
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