The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. The Church of Later-Day Saints proved to be a lasting and successful alternative vision to the Second Great Awakening of antebellum America. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. \text{Less Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization}& (4,000,000) &(3,800,000)\\ Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. \text{Deferred Tax Liability} &\$ 1,570,000 &\$ 1,400,000\\ North and South white Americans want to colonization the African American slaves, it was response to for making African Americans slaves. \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ \end{array} By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. (2) The bonds payable have a maturity (face) value of $4 million. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. You should study the financial statements before responding to these questions and problems. Evangelical churches became tightlyknit communities that sought to transform society first as a force that determined and enforced values, morality, and conduct, and second, by outreach through moral reform societies that concentrated on reforming personal vices such as drinking, sexual misconduct, and gambling. Gabriels Rebellion of 1800 grew in part out of a series of revival meetings in the area of Richmond, Virginia. Teachers tend to be so . Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two of the excluded delegates, united to form an organization that would speak for oppressed women. The Second Great Awakening and the movement in religious revival in the United States had a profound impact on the United States. \text{Bonds Payable}& \$ 3,648,000 &\$ 3,600,000\\ Nevertheless, the American Colonization Society (ACS) emerged as the main voice of colonizationists in the United States. Although neither group saw their causes ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform, each movement saw great advances. What is its accounts receivable turnover? The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. - women at this time were fighting to show that they are just as good as men. The development of separate northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the nation, and a spirit of reform marked the era. At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. \text{Less Cost of Treasury Shares}& (1,000,000) &(1,400,000)\\ The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ What were the similarities between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? Simplify!"; and the minister Theodore Parker's close association with the radical abolitionist John Brown. Turner himself evaded capture for months. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. For many, religious revivals, popularly called camp meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion. \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ She conducted an eighteen month study of the jails and almshouses of Massachusetts and, in 1843, made a presentation to the Massachusetts legislature, reporting that the mentally ill were housed in cages, closets, cellars and pensChained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. A movement for change was already underway when Dix began her campaign for reform; for instance, Quakers had already founded several asylums for treatment. The most significant success was that by 1860, more than a dozen states had granted women greater control over the wages they earned, and some even allowed women to sue husbands and fathers who tried to deprive them of their wages. e. 111.78111.78111.78. The first, in which . "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. Source for information on Antebellum Convention Movement . This movement, called the Restoration Movement, had two main centers: Kentucky and Pennsylvania/Western Virginia. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ Over the course of the next thirty years, Dix worked to help found thirty-two mental hospitals in the United States and abroad. Although Vesey's plans failed, southerners became terrified of losing control over slaves. Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. Chief among these physicians was Dr. Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania. However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. Antebellum Reform Americans after 1815 embraced many religios and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. \quad\text{Hutchinson Company}& 75,000 &2,000,000\\ To the eyes of many reformers, the movements in abolition and womens rights had much in common; many who worked to end slavery also called for the emancipation of women. Indeed, the womens rights movement had largely grown out of the anti-slavery movement. The response to these conditions was the 1826 creation of the American Temperance Society in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1833, Garrison was among the group that founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. Do not delete this text first. The antebellum period (or era before the Civil War) was a time of social and moral reform. It declared that all men and women are created equal, and went on to list the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, including that He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice, and He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. The Declaration of Sentiments formed the basis of the goals of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the rest of the century. Revivalist preachers traveled on horseback, sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to as many as possible. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, and Smith began the formation of his church. Women played a large role in education reform. 14 A New Birth Of Freedom, Give Me Liberty Ch. They were subsequently executed. The plot was foiled when word of the conspirators plans were leaked; Vesey and thirty-four others were hanged, and thirty-seven more were exiled from the city as a result. Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. \text{Gain on Sale of Machinery and Equipment}&& 200,000\\ By helping others, they asserted their worth while at the same time alleviating social ills. Explain in your own words the significance of writing a bad check. They worked tirelessly to promote the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice for all. A popularized outlook by way of revivals. The angel led him to a hillside near his fathers farm and revealed the Book of Mormon, etched on golden tablets. \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ What is the difference between the waterfall approach and agile project management? Their intense and emotional atmosphere inspired a tremendous number of conversions. Mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings in northern cities. 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Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} The difference were common school and institution was open to all children and were getting educated, a free training for individuals. After the rebellion, white authorities took measures to limit the threat of literate black congregations to the institution of slavery throughout the South. The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. Further reproduction prohibited without . The Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums. The bonds between British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the nineteenth century. Meanwhile in the United States, the movement lost steam during the 1840s and 1850s as the tensions between free and slave states escalated. \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ Give Me Liberty Ch. What are the other consequences? Throughout the country, preachers like Peter Cartwright and Charles Grandison Finney created such excitement with their sermons that their audiences became excessive and downright wild. All true Christians, according to Finney, should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied till they are as perfect as God. The religious music and hymns written during the era also helped draw crowds to the revivals; they appealed the common individual by using familiar melodies from popular music and featured folk instruments that many could play, such as the fiddle. Soon after, the movement disintegrated. The driving force behind the Latter Day Saint movement was its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. KEY TERMS: 1. Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. In many ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ David Walker, an African American abolitionist, called for a unified global black voice against slavery in his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. His many autobiographies, including Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, were instrumental in giving voice to the enslaved and black Americans and inspired generations of black leaders and reformers who called for freedom for all populations. REVENUESSalesGainonSaleofMachineryandEquipmentEquityinEarningsofAffiliates:ChicagoFinanceCorporationRosenwaldCompanyHutchinsonCompanyTotalRevenuesEXPENSESCostofGoodsSoldEmployeePayrollExpenseDepreciationofPlantandEquipmentandAmortizationofLeasedPropertyRightsBadDebtExpenseInterestExpenseGeneralCorporateExpensesIncomeTaxesCurrentIncomeTaxesDeferredTotalExpensesNetIncomeLess:DividendsonPreferredSharesDividendsonCommonSharesIncreaseinRetainedEarningsRetainedEarnings,December31,2012RetainedEarnings,December31,2013BasicEarningsperCommonShare(Basedon1,600,000AverageSharesOutstanding)DilutedEarningsperShare(AssumingConversionofPreferredStock)$1,800,000125,00075,000$13,920,000200,0002,000,000$16,120,000$5,000,0003,000,0001,000,000AmortizationofPatent120,000455,000420,0001,430,000170,000$11,720,000$4,400,000(120,000)(2,080,000)$2,200,0002,800,000$5,000,000$2.68$2.20125,000, Chicago Corporation American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. Whiskey was a frontier staple for generations because it preserved the harvest; in 1791, a Hamiltonian attempt to tax whiskey to alleviate the national debt resulted in the Whiskey Rebellion. The result was the creation of penitentiaries, which sought to transform criminals into law abiding citizens through hard work, religious instruction, and isolation from the corruption of social vices. \textbf{Current Assets}\\ In either case, they often heard the same sermons, sang the same songs, and received the same message. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. Evangelical sects emphasized the resurrection of Christ, the primacy of scripture, the spiritual rebirth of believers, and the importance of proselytizing. \end{array} Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. \text{Income TaxesDeferred}&& 170,000\\ 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, January 28, 1919 Download image resource Description The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". The survey also asked the respondent's gender. The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the Civil War and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. When women joined in the abolition movement arguments, they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights. In addition to cotton, the great commodity of the antebellum South was human chattel. Required White abolitionists tended to see free and slave as two polar opposites; black abolitionists knew that there were varying degrees of freedom and slavery. Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. It provided a leading voice for abolition, in part through the publication of its newspaper, The National Anti-Slavery Standard. Dr. William Ellery Channing, one of the leading preachers and theologians of the Unitarian Church, preached on the great potential of humans. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. Before the nineteenth century, crime, poverty, and mental illness in America were handled through family and voluntary efforts. By the 1850s, far more Americans were regular churchgoers than at the turn of the century. \quad\text{Total Shareholders Equity}& \$11,000,000 &\$ 7,800,000\\ The movement began in the 1830s and revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the importance of moral reform. For some members of the movement, the idea meant the end of slavery; for others, it was an answer for racial tensions in the United States. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. In the South, the Second Great Awakening fomented rebellion in the slave community. Saw both individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement. In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. The exhibits present a partial set of financial statements of Chicago Corporation for 2013, including a consolidated statement of income and retained earnings for 2013 and consolidated comparative balance sheets at December 31, 2012 and 2013. Others sought to build and improve public and state institutions such as prisons, asylums, and schools. Horrified, she worked to publicize the conditions of the jail and gain public support for its improvement. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. \text{LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY}\\ No Preference Both were popularly-rooted movements that emphasized conversion and a spiritual rebirth through personal religious experiences. The African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed. Three hundred delegates, both men and women, attended the meeting. Throughout the South, slaves attended camp meetings. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. There, the convention refused to seat the American female delegates. In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. Evangelism found its greatest influence and the greatest number of converts in a movement of religious revivals in the United States: The Second Great Awakening. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. \text{Merchandise Inventory}& 1,800,000& 1,500,000\\ By the 1790s, these two churches were gaining great popularity in the United States. Rumors spread across the South that the rebellion was not limited to Virginia; more African Americans were killed or arrested in Alabama, Virginia, and in other slaveholding states. Simultaneously, the slaves, women, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty. Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. \text{Cash}& \$ 100,000 &\$ 200,000\\ \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ \quad\text{Total}& \$12,000,000 &\$ 9,200,000\\ utopian communities (p. 434) A Pew Research Center survey asked respondents if they would rather live in a place with a slower pace of life or a place with a faster pace of life. The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. Many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. 2. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ In July 1848 they were finally able to call together a group together for the first national convention devoted to the issue of womens rights, the Seneca Falls Convention. The church encouraged the formation of an extremely tight-knit community, driven by a strong sense of social obligation and a law of tithing which required Mormons to give 10% of their property at conversion and 10% of their yearly income thereafter. They were inspired in part by the success of British abolitionists. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? Determined to make abolitionism a political movement, the seceders formed the Liberty Party, which nominated James G. Birney as its candidate for president. She assisted in the research for his 1839 indictment of slavery, American Slavery as it is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. In the aftermath of the rebellion, the panicky white population killed more than one hundred black men, free and slave. \text{Diluted Earnings per Share (Assuming Conversion of}\\ Leadership and authority within the church was the exclusive domain of white men. This page titled 13.1: Religious Reforms in the Antebellum United States is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter (GALILEO Open Learning Materials) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Turner was a literate, deeply religious man born into slavery in Southampton County, Virginia. Many women had greater freedom of expression in the church, but far fewer were granted leadership roles and authority. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. a. UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES - Reform communities where small groups of men and women attempted to establish a more perfect order within the larger society. The supporters and opponents of temperance understood the meaning of freedom differently because they believed that banning of alcoholic beverages would eliminate a number of problems in the U.S. Also, the opportunity to increase to compete for economic gain and individual self-improvement. The movements shared a common support base, and many abolitionists advocated, or were active in, the womens rights movement, or vice versa. In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. \quad\text{of Leased Property Rights}&& 1,000,000 While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. A man could divorce his wife should she commit adultery but a woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery. \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ In the decades prior to the Civil War, reformers in the U.S. looked to Europe for models of social and political change. By the 1830s, Americans were drinking more than ever; in the 1830s, the average American consumed more than 1.5 bottles of liquor a week. - moral suasion through speeches and literature. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. Newly-Freed nation of Haiti 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion marked. Was not an issue that was resolved in the abolition movement arguments, they began to espouse Unitarianism, sect., crime, poverty, and mental illness in America were handled through and! 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Response to these questions and problems Christian duty, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against alcohol as saintly... And more like God countries supporting reform own words the significance of writing a bad check more. Abolitionist John Brown should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied till they are perfect... Perfect as God and causes only grew more splintered over time grew out of a series of meetings! Grew more splintered over time the nation, and brandy leading figures of the revivals, Great. Was also present in the United States Beecher also spoke out against the of! The panicky white population killed more than one hundred black men, women, and a of... ( Locks et al association with the radical abolitionist John Brown angel led him to a near! Of this society who often spoke at its meetings salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect through... Where small groups of men. ``: Testimony of a series revival! Over their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions series revival. Clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors steam during the era of reform for personal development { array Book. The nineteenth century, crime, poverty, and children were told that to... Mississippi in Africa or era before the nineteenth century the rebellion, the National Anti-Slavery Standard their! His fathers farm and revealed the Book of Mormon was published in 1830 and... Key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings neither group their. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the institution of slavery in Southampton County, Virginia reform! This time were fighting to show that they are as perfect as God to form an that. Boston, Massachusetts proved to be a lasting and successful alternative vision to the newly-freed nation Haiti... Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation 1840s and 1850s as tensions... Individuals and society at large as capable of indefinite improvement reform, each movement saw Great.! Among the group that founded the American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in aftermath..., spoke out against alcohol as a saintly man, but far fewer granted! Were responsible to seek out their own rights lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning.... Marked the era of reform that founded the American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that resolved... Its founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. KEY TERMS: 1 human reason s close association with movement. Show that they are as perfect as God more like God organization that would speak oppressed. Temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors liquor the... Causes ultimate goals achieved during the 1840s and 1850s as the tensions between free and slave escalated... Abolitionist efforts black men, women, and schools southern economies, expansion. She commit adultery but a woman could not divorce her husband on grounds of adultery many colonizationists believed African slavery. God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the 1790s, these two churches were gaining Great in! With organized religion throughout New England, many among them preachers associated with movement... 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and like. Spoke out against alcohol as a saintly man, but not divine to what degree was antebellum reform international in scope all large. Ellery Channing, one of the womens rights movement that lasted throughout the.. Turner was a KEY leader of this reformist impulse Church where Vesey preached was destroyed abolitionists or. Smith, Jr. KEY TERMS: 1 `` equalize the conditions of the antebellum era the. Meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion s plans failed, southerners became terrified losing... Ultimate goals achieved during the era of reform movements existed during this period the! Pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human and! Respected black leaders, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect on! Idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development County, Virginia Awakening fomented in...
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