The content of this article is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, examination, diagnosis, or treatment. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. The man in case 1 was misdiagnosed due to mild symptoms and careless imaging. Thursday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm. Using a toothpick inappropriately can cause serious injury. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. Gargling with warm salt water may help loosen tonsil stones. She received her undergraduate degree from Bryn Mawr College and a DMD from the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. Mens teeth have not changed much and neither has their taste for cooked meat that gets stuck easily between their choppers! Protecting your teeth and gums is definitely a priority. Sandwich triangles held together with toothpicks sit on a cutting board in an undated stock photo. Fortunately, the toothpick did not cause greater damage, and the patient had a good postoperative recovery. Gray DM, To K, Wang JS. Therefore, we present 2 cases of intestinal perforation caused by toothpicks. [15] But MRI is not only more expensive but also less accurate than CT. On the other hand, longer time should be used in MRI. Hold the toothbrush at a 45 degree angle to your gum. When you brush your teeth, use a gentle circular motion, and brush for at least 2 minutes. ", Unlock premium answers by supporting wikiHow, http://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/f/flossing, http://parkwayvistadental.com/2014/07/popcorn-stuck-in-your-teeth/, http://shrewsburydentist.com/2014/06/how-to-safely-remove-popcorn-from-your-teeth/, https://www.deltadentalins.com/oral_health/oral_surgery.html, http://www.studiodentaire.com/questions/en/does-chewing-gum-after-eating-help-removing-dental-plaque.php, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6964679, http://www.colgateprofessional.com/patient-education/articles/severe-pain, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/remedies-clove-oil-for-tooth-pain/?_r=0, http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=4483, (Remove Popcorn from Your Teeth). [6] Using baking soda too often can lead to enamel damage, so do this about once a week. There are many ways to get rid of particles that are stuck between your teeth, so theres no need to resort to knives, needles or safety pins. Written informed consent was obtained from both patients for the publication of this manuscript and accompanying images. How to Devein Shrimps with Shell On (using Toothpick) - YouTube 0:00 / 2:45 How to Devein Shrimps with Shell On (using Toothpick) HAPPY KUSINERA 14.1K subscribers Subscribe Like Share 153K. [4,5,10] Complications of perforation include fistula, sepsis, bleeding, and even death. Toothpaste is optional for removing debris, but the foaming action may help. consider using salt to combat swelling. swallowed a piece of toothpick JA: The Doctor can help. Problems of diagnosis and treatment caused by ingested foreign bodies. Radiological diagnosis of a small bowel perforation secondary to toothpick ingestion. If you swallow a toothpick, it could lead to serious complications. A sharp piece of celery that can be used? Visit your emergency dentist. Overall, the low morbidity and confusing clinical presentations tend to misguide physicians. To remove popcorn from your teeth, move your tongue around your mouth and apply pressure where you feel bits of popcorn. 1. flamesusan. Shut the door and inspect the spacing at the top and latch sides. It could potentially be a serious thing. He did not know what to do! Toothpicks are usually made from hardwoods such as maple, oak, cherry, and walnut. [2,5,79] About 54% of patients cannot explain when or how the toothpicks get into their bodies. It cannot be removed by toothbrushing or interdental cleaning. "Salt water and the chewing gum worked :) I used the tooth pick as well, thanks. Remove the tray, blow the ash away, and your toothpick-stuck-in-the-simcard tray-problem will be solved! Add flour mixture and stir together until completely combined. You can also use an oral irrigator or WaterPik if you have one. If you cannot, call 911 right away. Soak the dishwasher filter in hot water and washing soda crystals or dish soap for about 15 minutes. 7 May 2020. Try to work the floss as close to the gum as possible between the teeth where the popcorn is stuck. In addition, floss your teeth once a day to clean plaque from between your teeth. No, but you could end up in the hospital. Interviewer: If I swallowed something and it's blocking stuff up, what does that feel like then? The Authors. Dr. Tu Anh Vu is a board certified dentist who runs her private practice, Tu's Dental, in Brooklyn, New York. Best reference The Toothpick: Technology an Culture by Henry Petroski (Professor of Civil Engineering and History at Duke University. As a small thank you, wed like to offer you a $30 gift card (valid at GoNift.com). 3). your express consent. However, they can also pose a danger if swallowed. So, if you think that you swallowed a toothpick, you should immediately visit a doctor. [1,11] The location that a toothpick lodges determines the symptom. If it's too long to pass, it's not going to go through, and the way we think of things that are too long or too wide, if it's longer than say about 5", this is a pencil you've swallowed and we have seen people who have swallowed pencils and they have been intentional-kind of interesting-that's not going to pass. The remaining cases were examined out the existence of foreign bodies with more conservative methods, such as x-ray, US, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT, and endoscopy. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 140,763 times. Find a doctor or location close to you so you can get the health care you need, when you need it. If by plaque, you mean the hard mineral deposits that form on teeth, no, a toothpick won't remove . They did not realize and provide any information of having the history of swallowing foreign bodies. If you brush too soon after eating, you can remove enamel, which will weaken your teeth over time. [7]. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. BMJ Case Rep 2013;2013:13. Some even claim that it tastes better than other methods such as baking or grilling. Accidental finding of a toothpick in the porta hepatis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case report. 50 North Medical Drive Salt Lake City, UT 84132. The content of this article is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, examination, diagnosis, or treatment. Apply the Toothpick. If that doesnt work, swallow it back down. However, there are no studies proving whether or not it is safe to consume. You can also chew gum, which will help to dislodge bits from your teeth while increasing salivation. Five stars. If you get enough in there, it's just going to build up and eventually it's just going to get full and it's just going to come right back up. . Is it safe to eat after two days, or should you throw it out immediately? Deep frying involves heating oil until it reaches high temperatures (around 350 degrees Fahrenheit). Azka Afzal, MD is a resident physician at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit. Bu-Wasel B, Eltawil KM, Keough V, et al. Should restaurants be responsible for toothpick injuries? What is the best way to remove a splinter from foot of 3 yr old. If you swallow a toothpick, you should try to cough it up immediately. If it's too hard to quit all at once, try cutting back at first. Correspondence: Yu Wang, Department of General Surgery, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Department of General Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (e-mail: [emailprotected]). Pour into a greased 48 or 59 inch loaf pan and bake for about 60 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes . X-ray is easily examined and can reveal indirectly symptoms of digestive tract injury (e.g., cavity-free gas in the thorax and abdomen). Work the floss back and forth or up and down, but be sure to also press down and massage your gums to ensure you're flossing thoroughly. Flossing and brushing twice per day may help loosen and remove tartar, especially if you use an electric toothbrush. Perhaps a better idea would be using a consumable no injuries device such as a sugar spike that holds the sandwich together but dissolves quickly. Calculus, or tartar, will not come off with a toothpick. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Monday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm Beat in eggs, sour cream, lemon zest, lemon juice, and lemon extract. The stomachs acid doesnt break down wooden or plastic objects like it breaks down food. To tackle bad breathe and whiten your teeth, add baking soda to your toothpaste once a week before you brush. Wooden Toothpicks Work Carefully use the tip of a wooden toothpick to slide the particle firmly and slowly from its position. Dr. Madsen: Yeah, and again it's a tough one. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 311,066 times. It can even lead to death if not removed quickly enough. Please don't eat prawns along . Swallowed a piece of toothpick. I have about half of a toothpick stuck inside the bottom of my foot, I sanitized it with alcohol , however the toothpick is so thick in there , its just a hole, and no toothpick is sticking out enough to grab it. There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. References. It could get stuck in your esophagus or stomach and cause severe pain. Dr. Madsen: It could be and that's kind of weighing the risk benefit. Tuesday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm When we're upset, we tend to eat junk food. The young man in the medical study had recurring fevers and abdominal pain after gut bacteria leaked into his blood through a toothpick puncture in his bowel. About 400 C (650 F), the wooden toothpick will begin to combust. Get answers from Podiatrists and top U.S. doctors, Our doctors evaluate, diagnose, prescribe, order lab tests, and recommend follow-up care. If you swallow a toothpick, it could get stuck in your throat and cause serious problems. Today's E.R. Foreign bodies ingestion: what responsibility? Try to focus your rinsing around the location of the popcorn. The bottom line there is it's not going out, so it has to be something that has to come out from above, so you have to get a G.I. That needs to be removed with a rigid dental instrument. Last Updated: February 4, 2023 If you are wondering how long meatloaf lasts in the fridge, it typically lasts for at least 3 to 4 days. Go "Ahh," and tighten the muscles in the back of your throat. Autopsies generally are not performed except in universities and many times the cause of death can be missed. The danger a single toothpick can represent was highlighted in a recent case study published by the New England Journal of Medicine about a man who nearly died from swallowing a toothpick. To be safe, back up your iPhone or iPad to your computer or the cloud. Dr. Madsen: And the reason for this is you can think of these sorts of things in two different categories, so we're talking about things that you accidentally swallow, in some cases I've seen where these things have been intentionally swallowed but that's kind of a different issue entirely. Interviewer: Is that how a toothpick would be removed as well? These sharp, pointy sticks used to clean teeth have been around for thousands of years; researchers found toothpick grooves in the teeth of a Neanderthal from 130,000 years ago. If the tooth pick is lodged in your foot, you should disinfect it with, doesn't come out, please see your primary physician or podiatrist. Both 2 patients in our report could not recall having ingested foreign bodies. If youre at home, use dental floss to loosen the bits of popcorn. References. Can you eat it? wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Her vital signs were normal. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Turn on desktop notifications for breaking stories about interest? In Roman times there are descriptions of Caesar using picks to clean the meat from his teeth. The sensitivity of US in the diagnosis of damage to the solid viscera is high, and US has the advantage of real-time dynamic observation from different angles. It was hidden in a sandwich, and he had no idea hed swallowed it and neither did his doctors. They will just be sitting there with a cup spitting out their saliva, as they cannot actually swallow it. of Health and Human Services, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Remove-Tartar-Step-10.jpg\/v4-460px-Remove-Tartar-Step-10.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Remove-Tartar-Step-10.jpg\/aid9557368-v4-728px-Remove-Tartar-Step-10.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
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\n<\/p><\/div>"}. Bacteremia caused by a swallowed toothpick impacted in the gastric mucosa. It might also go unnoticed, however, down into the stomach. Although the only way to fully remove tartar is a professional cleaning at the dentist, you can help prevent and remove tartar yourself with proper brushing and flossing, monitoring your diet, and using an antiseptic mouthwash after you eat. Power it off, and with a . Write down your reasons for wanting to quit and remind yourself of these to stay strong through the quitting process. [5] The symptoms of perforation are significantly different from relapsing blunt abdominal pain to typical peritonitis,[1,4,5,7] mainly depending on the location where a toothpick lodges. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Dr. Madsen: All right. Dr. Madsen: So if it's something that's too big and obviously that's not an issue with a toothpick, this isn't something that is really big, it should be able to pass without any issues, but the issue is that it's very sharp, so if we're talking about sharp things, and you know one of the big notorious things we see in kids that's very concerning is sewing needles, so kind of think of a toothpick like a sewing needle. By continuing to use this site you consent to the use of cookies on your device as described in our cookie policy unless you have disabled them. Place the magnifying glass or microscope over the damaged area and gently move the toothpick back and forth over the scratched groove. Toothpicks used to be whittled from sticks until the 1880s, when a Massachusetts businessman began mass-producing them with machines, making millions of toothpicks a day. Death by toothpick is unusual most injuries arent fatal. Jason woke up but didnt care about the bill. The patient underwent emergency surgery. If you don't have an ice pack, wrap several ice cubes in a towel, or soak a towel in cold water. He felt better. Funding: The Fuzhou General Hospital International Research Cooperation Project (2015G03). CT is recommended in the diagnostic process of swallowed foreign mass. Tie a knot in your floss. % of people told us that this article helped them. A bamboo toothpick is visible protruding from a perforated colon with minimal local reaction in the surgical screen. Interviewer: What if it makes it to the stomach and it's blocking that? 2 It is usually placed between two adjacent teeth. Yes, but not if you eat it straight from the package. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. METHOD 1: How To Dissolve Plastic In Toilet Bowl With Vinegar & Baking Soda? Dr. 3. They are generally made of wood and plastic. people say that it could help reduce the swelling. n ! Floss and/or use a toothpick in front of a mirror. As a small thank you, wed like to offer you a $30 gift card (valid at GoNift.com). Salt Water: You could try soaking the foot in a bowl of warm salt water. Unlike many foods, popcorn hulls are not easily dissolved in saliva, and can persist for long periods of time between teeth and along gum lines. Maybe some shops are serving dangerous food. As he continued to get sicker, scan after scan showed nothing; these small wooden objects dont show up on medical imaging. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. Once sharp bodies are ingested without being realized, perforation of intestine is possible and misdiagnosis may be made. Should i go to a dr? Read More How long can meatloaf stay in the fridge?Continue, Deep frying has become a favorite cooking method for many people around the globe. World J Surg 2014;38:3717. For more tips from our Dental co-author, including how to treat pain caused by food bits stuck in between your teeth, read on! [15]. Dr. Madsen: Yeah, they're going to go down the esophagus and into the stomach, find it, pull it out. Toothpick is a wooden stick used to clean teeth. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Best bet is to get a breaker bar - about 5ft long, steel, with a (wood type) chisel point. Hit hard. Try magplasta. And the moment that bacteria gets into the abdomen itself, that can be a very serious thing and cause some very serious infections. Foreign-body ingestion is a common phenomenon. To learn more, please visit our. Toothpicks are usually used to clean teeth, but they can also be dangerous if swallowed. Never allow a child to use a toothpick. So you're going to get to a point where you're drinking water and that might not even be able to work it's way around eventually. Headaches and cold feet and arms. Dr. Stansbury has spent more than 44 years transforming smiles. You should always contact your doctor or other qualified healthcare professional before starting, changing, or stopping any kind of health treatment. Jasons favorite lunch was a club sandwich at his local deli. Your tongue is a great tool that can help push wedged-in food particles. By using our site, you agree to our. The food is then, Read More Can you deep fry in a nonstick pan?Continue, I, Haley Schroedar, went to a party where I ate a plate of cheese and crackers. Step 2 - Remove and clean the dishwasher filter. All clinical services and programs are part of University of Utah Health Hospitals and Clinics. cClinical Institute of Fuzhou General Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. [8]. Brush your teeth. [2]. If you swallow a toothpick accidentally, you should try to remove it immediately. To clean the tips, remove them from the earphones and soak them in warm, soapy water for 30 minutes. Use a handheld mirror to help you see tartar buildup, which looks like white or yellow stains. Often the toothpick is swallowed when one's judgment is clouded by alcohol, excessive laughter, or a sudden fright (like being . If you scrub your teeth too hard, you could wear away the enamel. Alternatively, insert a toothpick between your teeth and move it around until you get rid of the popcorn. Figure 3: The toothpick is approximately 6 cm, which is the culprit of colon perforation. After admission, there was no obvious tenderness or mass in his abdomen during the body check-up. Perforation of the cecum by a toothpick: report of a case and review of the literature. Do not poke or stab your gums with a toothpick. And this happens over and over again. Tonkic A, Kulic D, Pericb M, et al. In this brief guide, we will, Read More What can I substitute for jasmine rice?Continue. Daniel, one of Jasons coworkers, came over for food and was in a great mood. Enjoy! If someone swallows a toothpick they could, of course, choke on it. Be mindful of eating these foods only in moderation, and rinse your mouth with water or mouthwash shortly after eating. There was deep tenderness in her left epigastrium without rebound pain and signs of peritonitis. Use it to try out great new products and services nationwide without paying full pricewine, food delivery, clothing and more. It could block your airways and lead to suffocation. If the toothpick doesn't come out, please see your primary physician or podiatrist. But how long does meatloaf last in the fridge? Sign up for wikiHow's weekly email newsletter. Gently work the popcorn out from between your teeth, moving it either upward or forward. There were somewhere abnormal in computed tomography (CT) images and ultrasound (US). Some error has occurred while processing your request. Open your mouth and shine the light into your mouth. Do not attempt to pull it out yourself. Wednesday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm They are generally not harmful if swallowed but can cause problems if lodged in the esophagus or stomach. TOOTHPICK PUZZLE #10 Move three toothpicks to get four squares. Dr. Madsen: You're usually not going to have a lot of signs there until it's fairly progressed. The bars are being held liable for serving too much alcohol. Interviewer: So you don't have to get operated on, it's actually just removed through the throat? Toothpick perforation of the small bowel. They can gargle the liquid . Most of patients could not recall having swallowed the toothpicks. The toothpick is approximately 6 cm (Fig. The stomach's acid doesn't break down wooden or plastic objects like it breaks down food. What if I can't get the popcorn out of my gums? Toothpick perforation of the intestines presenting as recurrent abdominal pain: possible roles of abdominal ultrasound and MRI. Just a couple quick questions before I transfer you. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. on The Scope. We feel bad, so we eat more junk food. She received her undergraduate degree from Bryn Mawr College and a DMD from the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. No problem was found in the local hospital and then she was transferred to our hospital. Jason went to the ER and a gastroenterologist was called in who performed an endoscopy a little tube with a light was passed into the esophagus (feeding tube) where the toothpick was found. Dr. Dennis Stansbury and his team at Stansbury Dental are committed to providing patients with top-quality, comprehensive dental care in a comfortable environment. To avoid such a situation, always put the toothpick back into the container after using it. Once you remove the popcorn, rinse the bristles of your toothbrush to avoid reintroducing the debris into your mouth. A middle-aged woman suddenly suffered from a durative colic in left upper abdomen for 4 days without any radiation. Dr. Use several toothpicks, discarding used ones and always using a clean tip. Hit the corners of the concrete, bisecting them with the point. J Emerg Med 2014;47:e1337. He had no insurance so he was afraid to go to the hospital. Are you read more Dr. David G Medical Review Physician Doctor of Osteopathic Medi. This article has been viewed 140,763 times. The toothpick is approximately 6 cm, which is the culprit of colon perforation. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. How to Remove a Toothpick Impaled in the Foot Larry Mellick 612K subscribers Subscribe 2.1K Share 321K views 7 years ago This video demonstrates one technique for removing a toothpick impaled in. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:4013. Do this 5-15 times and the concrete will break. This will help to soften the wood and make it easier to chew. Sealock RJ, Sabounchi S, Graham DY. Try to work the popcorn out from between your teeth using the bristles in various strokes and movements. 16,444 satisfied customers They are used to clean the teeth. For more tips from our Dental co-author, including how to treat pain caused by food bits stuck in between your teeth, read on! [14,15] CT and MRI have superior sensitivity in any gastrointestinal injury. This is really . A rubber spatula can also be used to remove any dried . Meatloaf has always been a favorite at family gatherings. Dr. Madsen: But either these things are going to be too big to be able to pass through your intestines, or they're going to be sharp and potentially perforate the intestines. 3 Discussion The man in case 1 was misdiagnosed due to mild symptoms and careless imaging. Lin, Nan MDa,b; Lin, Li MDc; Wu, Weihang MDa,b; Yang, Weijin MDa,b; Cai, Zhicong MDc; Hong, Jie MDc; Wang, Yu MDa,b,*, aDepartment of General Surgery, Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, bDepartment of General Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital. Is it dangerous? They can feel it upper throat, their lower throat or kind of down near the stomach, and often times they cannot swallow anything. A stethoscope lies on x-ray. If necessary, we can choose endoscopic to diagnose and treat at the same time. Instructions. If you are having any degree of difficulty see a doctor to remove it. Chong LW, Sun CK, Wu CC, et al. When tatar forms on the tooth it is possible to break within the tartar layer so that small bits of tartar come away. Give it about 30 minutes and the toothpick should be reduced to mere ash. Keyword Highlighting
The toothpick had been washed and doused with disenfectant beforehand. Autopsies generally are not performed except in universities and many times the cause of death can be missed. because it's worth evaluating and talking to our G.I. If it's not properly removed, food debris like popcorn left in hard-to-reach crevices can create an abscess that can fill with bacteria and lead to a potentially serious gum infection. doctor in to go down with a scope, pull that thing out and remove it from above. Learn how we can help 3.8k views Reviewed >2 years ago Thank Dr. Susan Rhoads agrees 2 thanks The patient made an uneventful postoperative recovery. If the item between your teeth doesnt move, try flossing or rinsing again. Blue corn was first developed in the early 1990s to combat malnutrition in developing countries. Use a toothpick. Salt water gargle. Data is temporarily unavailable. 09-20-2016 10:17 AM. Highlight selected keywords in the article text. According to the American Dental Association, 21 percent of Americans have used cutlery to remove food from their teeth, 14 percent have used a safety pin and 7 percent have used a strand of hair! Background: Ingested toothpicks are a relatively rare event, but may cause serious gut injuries with peritonitis, sepsis, or death. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. Vu helps adults and kids of all ages get over their anxiety with dental phobia. Abbreviations: CT = computed tomography, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, US = ultrasound. Liver abscess caused by toothpick and treated by laparoscopic left hepatic resection: case report and literature review. The locations of toothpicks before removal were the esophagus (2%), stomach (20%), duodenum (23%), small intestine (18%), and large intestine (37%). Repeat as needed until you can see your dentist. kind of the thing we see there more is people more after they swallow a piece of meat without chewing it completely, you just feel a fullness in your throat and a lot of times people can point to exactly where it is. It wasnt until surgery that doctors found the toothpick lodged in an intestinal artery. How much rice should I eat each day?Rice is a good source of carbohydrates,, Read More How much rice per person?Continue, Rice is one of the best ways to stretch a meal and feed the whole family. Search for Similar Articles
Newer methods of holding food together should be thought of. Weve even got some healthy rice alternatives for you that youre gonna love! In the United States alone, about 1,000 people die each year from accidentally swallowing a toothpick. First, try to cough it out. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. 5 Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. Zouros E, Oikonomou D, Theoharis G, et al. If you cannot remove it yourself, call 911 immediately. If your teeth are too crooked, then you may need to look for a strong fabric wire that can act like a floss. Whats the best option to permanently remove corn/calluses on the side and under my big toe? The aim of the present study was to develop practical guidelines to aid clinicians in the diagnosis and management of acute tooth pick ingestion. Toothpicks are usually used to clean teeth, but they can also be dangerous if swallowed. A more accurate diagnosis and corresponding treatment should be made to reduce the pain of the patient and help them recover without delay. Time for another episode of "E.R. or Not?" Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Rinse your mouth with water. He earned his Doctor of Dental Surgery from Baylor College of Dentistry in Dallas and regularly participates in continuing education courses in order to be able to offer his patients the latest in technology and techniques.
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