3. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Shortly after the Bihar Earthquake of 1934, the social workers under a mistaken idea started constructing a bandh across an innumerable waterways blocking the roads and railways, culverts and drainage channels. (2016). Res. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. Everest. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. Damage to a man-made structure. The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake Ambraseys N 2000 Reappraisal of north-Indian earthquakes at the turn of the 20th Century; Curr. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. Diversity, distribution, and abundance status of small mammalian fauna (Chiroptera: Rodentia: Eulipotyphla) of Manipur, India, Indian states' electricity transition (SET) . The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. Sci. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Internet Explorer). At places, even the water sprigs out about 10-12 feet from such fissures. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. Thank you for visiting nature.com. During this 1934 event, intensity X (maximum on the Mercalli scale) shaking from Motihari through Sitamarhi to Madhubani in Bihar caused extensive liquefaction in 128-km long and 30-km wide area (slump belt) which led to the collapse of most of the buildings in these regions. CrossRef the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. - 202.3.109.12. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. The following is a summary of the sueeches. chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). 4. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. Based on these evidences, it was concluded that the rupture zone; hypocenter and thereby the epicenter laid beneath the lesser Himalayas and not beneath the plains of northern India. Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. J. Int. 79 1237-1250. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. [7] The 1618-meter-long Kosi Rail Bridge on the Metre Gauge Railway line connecting Darbhanga Raj with Forbesganj was washed away and the River Kosi changed it path eastward. 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Rajendran, C.P., Rajendran, K. (2022). [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. Theres never any convenient time for any. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Your email address will not be published. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. Soc. Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. 3. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake (and the subsequent 7.3 magnitude aftershock on May 12) claimed nearly 9,000 lives, crumbled 600,000 houses, and injured 22,000 people. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. 4. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. 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